Ever increasing popularity of solid-state batteries

BOSTON , Nov. 10, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- The announcement claimed by Toyota that it had a "technological breakthrough" to resolve durability issues and "a solution for materials" for a solid-state battery (SSB) powering EVs in July 2023 has triggered another wave of interest in SSBs, in addition to the continuous efforts from companies such as BMW, CATL, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, LG, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Panasonic, Samsung, Volkswagen, etc.

SSBs have had strategic importance in multiple countries and regions. For instance, Germany earmarked 1 billion Euros to support a consortium looking to produce electric car battery cells and plans to fund a research facility to develop next-generation solid-state batteries. In the UK, a 30-month collaborative project, "PowerDrive Line," develops a lithium-based solid-state battery for EVs and PHEVs and establishes a pre-pilot line for this SSB cell technology. The Japanese government has created the Consortium for Lithium-Ion Battery Technology and Evaluation Center (Libtec) to push forward with research into solid-state batteries. In South Korea, the three largest battery manufacturers, SK Innovation, LG Chem, and Samsung SDI, promote joint research on next-generation battery fields, including solid-state batteries. US SSB companies have attracted investment from global battery vendors, car makers, and venture capitals, with continuous reported progress.

By replacing the flammable organic liquid electrolyte with solid-state electrolyte (SSE), SSBs enable improved safety and abuse tolerance. The SSE can also be paired with lithium metal anode and high-voltage cathode, leading to potentially higher energy density. The special features of SSBs make them possible to be connected in series and in parallel within a cell, resulting in flexible packing designs. In addition, the innovative pack design enables higher assembly efficiency, helping further increase the energy density and decrease cost at system level.  

The unique value propositions have led to SSBs being pursued by academic researchers, battery developers, automotive OEMs, investors, material and component suppliers. In addition, the conventional manufacturing of Li-ion batteries has traditionally been dominated by East Asian countries, with notable contributions from Japan, China, and South Korea. However, a significant shift is underway as the United States and various European nations are competing in the race, effectively redirecting the creation of added value away from East Asia, with a strategic emphasis on establishing battery manufacturing facilities in closer proximity to the application markets.

This evolving landscape is marked by the exploration of new materials and components, and the re-evaluation of manufacturing processes. These provide the potential to reshuffle the battery supply chain. From both a technological and business perspective, the development of SSBs has emerged as part of the next-generation battery strategy. It has evolved into a global endeavor characterized by regional interests and substantial governmental support. Opportunities will be available with new materials, components, systems, manufacturing methods, and know-how.

Commercialization of SSBs

Polymer-based SSBs are already available in the market, such as in the case of the Daimler eCitaro. Semi/hybrid/pseudo SSBs are undergoing trials, continuously testing their samples for the OEMs. Meanwhile, ceramic-based all solid-state batteries (ASSBs) remain firmly in the realm of developmental pursuits. Most of the commercialized SSBs and those are going to be commercialized soon are hybrid semi-solid batteries, meaning they may contain small amounts of liquid or gel. Strictly speaking, they are not all solid-state batteries (ASSBs). From the end user's point of view, they do not care what technology is deployed as long as batteries provide the required features for them. Therefore, semi-solid technologies can act as a good transition between the already commercialized polymer-based SSB technology and future sulfide-based SSB technology. As technologies are becoming more and more mature, we can move to ASSBs seamlessly.

As the largest potential market, automotive is the target for almost all SSB vendors. In the meantime, niche applications that require more abuse tolerance and are less sensitive to price can be the lower-hanging fruits for SSBs.

Further efforts for SSB commercialization

Toyota's announcement again emphasized the importance of continuous material development. Therefore, further material exploration, device optimization, and battery degradation mechanisms are still required. In the meantime, development focuses should also be put on cell validation and system design. Examples include cell-to-pack (CTP), thermal management systems, and mechanical designs. 

CTP is not a new concept, and it can be found in designs based on Li-ion batteries such as BYD's blade battery and CATL's CTP designs. CTP concept will become more important due to the better safety and bipolar stacking possibility of SSB cells. Battery safety means a more flexible pack design and fewer electronics and components used in the battery modules/packs. For example, the bipolar design enables closer packing and higher energy density, leading to potentially higher energy density and comparable cost at system level. 

The thermal management system cannot be eliminated for SSBs but may be operated in a way to target different safe operating areas. Therefore, the ideal temperature required for SSBs may differ from Li-ion batteries.

In addition, further efforts need to be put in equipment utilization, factory footprint, supply chain establishment, and manufacturing yield improvement.

IDTechEx's report "Solid-State and Polymer Batteries 2023-2033: Technology, Forecasts, Players" provide further understanding of markets, players, technologies, opportunities, and challenges, with coverage of the following aspects:

• Overview of lithium-ion batteries, various solid-state battery technologies, analysis, and benchmarking
• Technology and manufacturing timelines, roadmaps
• Manufacturing methods
• Market analysis and forecasts
• Cost and energy density analysis
• Solid-state battery hype vs hope analysis
• Player activity tracking & evaluation
• Supply chain analysis
• Regulations and recycling

This article is from "Technology Innovations Outlook 2024-2034", a complimentary magazine of analyst-written articles by IDTechEx providing insights into a number of areas of technology innovation, assessing the landscape now and giving you the outlook for the next decade. 

Upcoming Free-To-Attend Webinar

Advanced Energy Storage and Hydrogen: Breakthroughs and Beyond

IDTechEx will be hosting a free-to-attend webinar on the topic on Wednesday 22 November 2023 - Advanced Energy Storage and Hydrogen: Breakthroughs and Beyond.

In this 45 minute webinar, IDTechEx will draw on its extensive research portfolio to provide an overview of:

• The current Li-ion battery landscape and recent developments in recycling and end-of-life management
• Alternative battery technologies, such as solid-state (SSB), sodium-ion (Na-ion), and redox flow batteries (RFBs), amongst others
• Hydrogen's evolving role as a feedstock, fuel and energy carrier and its latest technological and market developments

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SOURCE IDTechEx